Cruz Ruiz, A.L.Pontonnier, C.Pronost, N.Dumont, G.Chen, Min and Zhang, Hao (Richard)2018-01-102018-01-1020171467-8659http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cgf.12863https://diglib.eg.org:443/handle/10.1111/cgf12863Muscle‐based control is transforming the field of physics‐based character animation through the integration of knowledge from neuroscience, biomechanics and robotics, which enhance motion realism. Since any physics‐based animation system can be extended to a muscle‐actuated system, the possibilities of growth are tremendous. However, modelling muscles and their control remains a difficult challenge. We present an organized review of over a decade of research in muscle‐based control for character animation, its fundamental concepts and future directions for development. The core of this review contains a classification of control methods, tables summarizing their key aspects and popular neuromuscular functions used within these controllers, all with the purpose of providing the reader with an overview of the field.Muscle‐based control is transforming the field of physics‐based character animation through the integration of knowledge from neuroscience, biomechanics and robotics, which enhance motion realism. Since any physics‐based animation system can be extended to a muscle‐actuated system, the possibilities of growth are tremendous. However, modelling muscles and their control remains a difficult challenge. We present an organized review of over a decade of research in muscle‐based control for character animation, its fundamental concepts and future directions for development.Computer animationphysics‐based animationmotion controlmotion synthesismusculoskeletal simulationComputing methodologies—Animation10.1111/cgf.12863122-147