Vidal, Franck P.Afshari, ShaghayeghAlbiol, AlbertoAlbiol, FranciscoBellot, Alberto CorbíBrun, Anna LouiseChou, Chengy-YingDesbarats, PascalGarcía, MarcosGiovannelli, Jean-FrancoisHatton, ClémentineHenry, AudreyKelly, GrahamMichelet, ClaireMihail, Radu P.Racy, MalekRouwane, AliSeznec, HerveSújar, AarónTugwell-Allsup, JennaVillard, Pierre-FrédéricMeuschke, MoniqueKuhlen, Torsten W.2025-05-262025-05-262025978-3-03868-281-3https://doi.org/10.2312/evm.20251974https://diglib.eg.org/handle/10.2312/evm20251974gVirtualXray (gVXR) is a programming interface framework to simulate realistic X-ray projections in realtime on graphics processing units (GPUs). It solves the Beer-Lambert law (attenuation law) using a deterministic X-ray simulation algorithm based on 3D computer graphics, namely rasterisation. Implemented as multi-pass rendering makes it more computationally optimal than the ray-tracing technique, which is a brute-force and straightforward approach to simulate X-ray images. Although written in C++ using OpenGL and its shading language (GLSL) to leverage the GPU, gVXR is available for other programming languages such as Python. Extensive validation studies, including comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations and real experimental data, have confirmed the accuracy of gVXR's simulations. gVXR was initially used in medical virtual reality (VR) for training purposes. It was then used in medical physics, and high-throughput data applications including mathematical optimisation and machine learning (ML). Micro-imaging studies on the C. elegans biological model are also reported.Attribution 4.0 International LicenseCCS Concepts: Computing methodologies → Real-time simulation; Physical simulation; Virtual reality; Machine learning; Applied computing → PhysicsComputing methodologies → Realtime simulationPhysical simulationVirtual realityMachine learningApplied computing → Physics10.2312/evm.202519745 pages