Hrycak, CamillaKrüger, JensEgger, BernhardGünther, Tobias2025-09-242025-09-242025978-3-03868-294-3https://doi.org/10.2312/vmv.20251236https://diglib.eg.org/handle/10.2312/vmv20251236We present an in-depth investigation of the Apple Vision Pro as a platform for large-scale volume visualization, focusing on both its technical capabilities and practical limitations in immersive rendering scenarios. Our study centers on BorgVR, a custom-built volume rendering system that implements a bricked, ray-guided, and out-of-core rendering pipeline tailored to the unique characteristics of the Vision Pro and the visionOS graphics stack. BorgVR is designed to overcome memory and performance bottlenecks associated with rendering structured grids that exceed device-local memory. Through dynamic data streaming, hierarchical bricking, GPU-accelerated early ray termination and empty-space skipping, the system achieves interactive frame rates for gigabyte-scale datasets, even under the constraints of mobile spatial computing. We analyze how well the Apple Vision Pro supports such workloads across its distinct rendering modes. Beyond demonstrating system performance, we evaluate the Vision Pro's suitability for scientific visualization-highlighting its strengths in display fidelity and sensor integration, while also documenting friction points such as GPU architecture constraints, memory management, and platform-specific development hurdles. The open-source release of BorgVR provides a reusable foundation for the community, facilitating future research and application development in immersive volume visualization.Attribution 4.0 International LicenseCategories and Subject Descriptors (according to ACM CCS): I.3.1 [Computer Graphics]: Hardware Architecture-Threedimensional displays I.3.4 [Computer Graphics]: Graphics Utilities-Virtual device interfaces CCS Concepts: Computing methodologies → Ray tracing; Virtual reality; Mixed / augmented realityI.3.1 [Computer Graphics]Hardware ArchitectureThreedimensional displaysI.3.4 [Computer Graphics]Graphics UtilitiesVirtual device interfaces CCS ConceptsComputing methodologies → Ray tracingVirtual realityMixed / augmented reality10.2312/vmv.202512369 pages