Haegler, SimonWonka, PeterArisona, Stefan MuellerVan Gool, LucMueller, Pascal2015-02-232015-02-2320101467-8659https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8659.2010.01745.xIn this paper we propose a real-time rendering approach for procedural cities. Our first contribution is a new lightweight grammar representation that compactly encodes facade structures and allows fast per-pixel access. We call this grammar F-shade. Our second contribution is a prototype rendering system that renders an urban model from the compact representation directly on the GPU. Our suggested approach explores an interesting connection from procedural modeling to real-time rendering. Evaluating procedural descriptions at render time uses less memory than the generation of intermediate geometry. This enables us to render large urban models directly from GPU memory.10.1111/j.1467-8659.2010.01745.x1479-1487