Oore, SageevTerzopoulos, DemetriHinton, Geoffrey2015-02-162015-02-1620021467-8659https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8659.00593Our goal is to design and build a tool for the creation of expressive character animation. Virtual puppetry, also known as performance animation, is a technique in which the user interactively controls a character's motion. In this paper we introduce local physical models for performance animation and describe how they can augment an existing kinematic method to achieve very effective animation control. These models approximate specific physically-generated aspects of a character's motion. They automate certain behaviours, while still letting the user override such motion via a PD-controller if he so desires. Furthermore, they can be tuned to ignore certain undesirable effects, such as the risk of having a character fall over, by ignoring corresponding components of the force. Although local physical models are a quite simple approximation to real physical behaviour, we show that they are extremely useful for interactive character control, and contribute positively to the expressiveness of the character's motion. In this paper, we develop such models at the knees and ankles of an interactively-animated 3D anthropomorphic character, and demonstrate a resulting animation. This approach can be applied in a straight-forward way to other joints.Categories and Subject Descriptors (according to ACM CCS): I.3.7 [Computer Graphics]: Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism, Interaction Techniques10.1111/1467-8659.00593337-346