Yang, YutingBarnes, ConnellyFinkelstein, AdamChaine, RaphaëlleKim, Min H.2022-04-222022-04-2220221467-8659https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.14457https://diglib.eg.org:443/handle/10.1111/cgf14457Deep learning for image processing typically treats input imagery as pixels in some color space. This paper proposes instead to learn from program traces of procedural fragment shaders - programs that generate images. At each pixel, we collect the intermediate values computed at program execution, and these data form the input to the learned model. We investigate this learning task for a variety of applications: our model can learn to predict a low-noise output image from shader programs that exhibit sampling noise; this model can also learn from a simplified shader program that approximates the reference solution with less computation, as well as learn the output of postprocessing filters like defocus blur and edge-aware sharpening. Finally we show that the idea of learning from program traces can even be applied to non-imagery simulations of flocks of boids. Our experiments on a variety of shaders show quantitatively and qualitatively that models learned from program traces outperform baseline models learned from RGB color augmented with hand-picked shader-specific features like normals, depth, and diffuse and specular color. We also conduct a series of analyses that show certain features within the trace are more important, and even learning from a small subset of the trace outperforms the baselines.CCS Concepts: Computing methodologies --> Neural networks; Computer graphics; Software and its engineering --> CompilersComputing methodologiesNeural networksComputer graphicsSoftware and its engineeringCompilers10.1111/cgf.1445741-5616 pages