Zhang, YuPrakash, Edmond C.Sung, Eric2015-11-112015-11-1120011017-4656https://doi.org/10.2312/egs.20011000In this paper, we propose a physically-based 3D dynamic facial model based on anatomical knowledge for realistic facial expression animation. The facial model incorporates a physically-based approximation to facial skin tissue and a set of anatomically-motivated facial muscle actuators. The tissue model has multilayered mass-spring structure which approximates different types of facial tissue. Two kinds of biphasic springs, structural springs and shear springs, are included in our model to simulate nonlinear elastic behavior of the skin. Facial muscle models are presented to emulate facial muscle contraction. In the muscle model, two factors, the muscle force scaling factor and muscle strength factor provide us macro and micro control of the muscle influence respectively. Based on the facial anatomy, these contractile muscles are inserted at anatomically correct position within the dynamic skin model. Lagrangian mechanics governs the dynamics, dictating the deformation of facial surface in response to muscle forces. The dynamic facial animation algorithm runs at interactive rate with continuous 3D display on a graphics workstation.