Takahashi, ShigeoKokubun, RyoNishimura, SatoshiMisue, KazuoArikawa, MasatoshiAigner, WolfgangArchambault, DanielBujack, Roxana2024-05-212024-05-2120241467-8659https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.15090https://diglib.eg.org/handle/10.1111/cgf15090Aggregation, as an operation of cartographic generalization, provides an effective means of abstracting the configuration of building features by combining them according to the scale reduction of the 2D map. Automating this design process effectively helps professional cartographers design both paper and digital maps, but finding the best aggregation result from the numerous combinations of building features has been a challenge. This paper presents a novel approach to assist cartographers in interactively designing the aggregation of building features in scale-aware map visualization. Our contribution is to provide an appropriate set of candidates for the cartographer to choose from among a limited number of possible combinations of building features. This is achieved by collecting locally optimal solutions that emerge in the course of aggregation operations, formulated as a label cost optimization problem. Users can also explore better aggregation results by interactively adjusting the design parameters to update the set of possible combinations, along with an operator to force the combination of manually selected building features. Each cluster of aggregated building features is tightly enclosed by a concave hull, which is later adaptively simplified to abstract its boundary shapes. Experimental design examples and evaluations by expert cartographers demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach to interactive aggregation.Attribution 4.0 International LicenseCCS Concepts: Human-centered computing → Geographic visualization; User interface designHuman centered computing → Geographic visualizationUser interface design10.1111/cgf.1509012 pages