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    Advanced GPU Volume Rendering for Virtual Endoscopy
    (The Eurographics Association, 2009) Krüger, Arno; Kubisch, Christoph; Strauß, Gero; Preim, Bernhard; K. Bühler and D. Bartz
    For difficult cases in endoscopic sinus surgery, a careful planning of the intervention is necessary. Virtual endoscopy enables the visualization of the operating field and additional information, such as risk structures and target structures to be removed. The Sinus Endoscopy system provides the functional range of a virtual endoscopic system with special focus on a realistic representation. Furthermore, by using direct volume rendering, we avoid time-consuming segmentation steps for the use of individual patient datasets. However, the image quality of the endoscopic view can be adjusted in a way that a standard computer with a modern standard graphics card achieves interactive frame rates with low CPU utilization. Thereby, characteristics of the endoscopic view are systematically used for the optimization of the volume rendering speed. As a small standalone application it can be instantly used for surgical planning and patient education. The system was used for preoperative planning in 102 cases, provides useful information for intervention planning (e.g., anatomic variations of the Rec. Frontalis), and closely resembles the intraoperative situation.
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    Combining Map Displays and 3D Visualizations for the Analysis of Scalar Data on Cerebral Aneurysm Surfaces
    (The Eurographics Association and Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2009) Neugebauer, Mathias; Gasteiger, Rocco; Beuing, Oliver; Diehl, Volker; Skalej, Martin; Preim, Bernhard; H.-C. Hege, I. Hotz, and T. Munzner
    Cerebral aneurysms result from a congenital or evolved weakness of stabilizing parts of the vessel wall and potentially lead to rupture and a life-threatening bleeding. Current medical research concentrates on the integration of blood flow simulation results for risk assessment of cerebral aneurysms. Scalar flow characteristics close to the aneurysm surface, such as wall shear stress, form an important part of the simulation results. Aneurysms exhibit variable surface shapes with only few landmarks. Therefore, the exploration and mental correlation of different surface regions is a difficult task. In this paper, we present an approach for the intuitive and interactive overview visualization of near wall flow data that is mapped onto the surface of a 3D model of a cerebral aneurysm. We combine a multi-perspective 2D projection map with a standard 3D visualization and present techniques to facilitate the correlation between a 3D model and a related 2D map. An informal evaluation with 4 experienced radiologists has shown that the map-based overview actually improves the surface exploration. Furthermore, different color schemes were discussed and, as a result, an appropriate color scheme for the visual analysis of the wall shear stress is presented.