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Item An Approach to Hierarchical Input Devices(Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1990) Duce, D. A.; Liere, R van; Hagen, P.J.W. tenThis paper shows how a formal description of the GKS input model can be extended to include hierarchically structured input devicesItem Concerning the Specification of User Interfaces(Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1985) Duce, D. A.Item GraSSML: Smart Schematic Diagrams, XML and Accessibility(The Eurographics Association, 2006) Fredj, Z. Ben; Duce, D. A.; Louise M. Lever and Mary McDerbyThis paper describes work in progress at Oxford Brookes University. The project called Graphical Structure Semantic Markup Languages (GraSSML) aims at defining higher-level diagram description languages for the World Wide Web, which capture the structure and the semantics of a diagram and enable the generation of accessible and "smart" presentations in different modalities such as speech, text, and graphics. GraSSML is broken down into three levels: semantics, structure and presentation. Each of these levels captures a specific aspect of a diagram. The semantic level language is highly dependent on the type of diagram considered and the knowledge of the domain (ontology) in which it is used. Using the proposed approach, the structure and the semantics of the diagram is made available at the creation stage. The availability of this information offers new possibilities allowing Web Graphics to become "smart". The paper outlines the relevant limitations of SVG and some approaches aiming to resolve the problem of graphic accessibility. It then describes our approach in addressing some of these limitations and presents the new possibilities that these smart graphics lead to.Item Better Understanding through Formal Specification(Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1985) Duce, D. A.; Fielding, E. V. C.The Graphical Kernel System (GKS) is now registered as an ISO International Standard for computer graphics programming. One of the major innovations of the Standard is the bundled specification of aspects, a mechanism which gives the applications programmer the ability to tailor the appearance of a picture independently on each of the workstations on which it is displayed, using the capabilities of the workstations. GKS also incorporates the traditional method of individual specification of aspects in which each workstation does the best it can to represent global aspect values. In this paper a formal specification technique, the Vienna Development Method (VDM), is used to describe aspect specification. The GKS model of aspect specification is progressively constructed from simpler models. Properties of these simpler models are formulated and the specifications are proved to conform to these. The properties are then traced through the more complex models. The paper demonstrates the applicability of formal specification to the design of graphics software and the ability of formal techniques to catalyse the deeper understanding of designs.Item GKS-9x: The Design Output Primitive, an Approach to a Specification.(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1994) Nehlig, Ph. W.; Duce, D. A.This paper describes an approach to the formal definition of the design primitive introduced in the revision of the ISO/IEC computer graphics standard, GKS. The paper starts with a general description of the design primitive and then describes the specification (which is given in the Z notation) and the motivation for the approach taken in some detail. The paper concludes with a reflection on the contribution of this work, and the descriptive style adopted an the GKS revision, to the role of formal description in the presentation of graphics standards.Item Distributed and Collaborative Visualization(The Eurographics Association and Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2004) Brodlie, K. W.; Duce, D. A.; Gallop, J. R.; Walton, J. P. R. B.; Wood, J. D.Visualization is a powerful tool for analyzing data and presenting results in science, engineering and medicine. This paper reviews ways in which it can be used in distributed and/or collaborative environments. Distributed visualization addresses a number of resource allocation problems, including the location of processing close to data for the minimization of data traffic. The advent of the Grid Computing paradigm and the link to Web Services provides fresh challenges and opportunities for distributed visualization-including the close coupling of simulations and visualizations in a steering environment. Recent developments in collaboration have seen the growth of specialized facilities (such as Access Grid) which have supplemented traditional desktop video conferencing using the Internet and multicast communications. Collaboration allows multiple users-possibly at remote sites-to take part in the visualization process at levels which range from the viewing of images to the shared control of the visualization methods. In this review, we present a model framework for distributed and collaborative visualization and assess a selection of visualization systems and frameworks for their use in a distributed or collaborative environment. We also discuss some examples of enabling technology and review recent work from research projects in this field.Item Components, Frameworks and GKS Input(Eurographics Association, 1989) Duce, D. A.; Ten Hagen, P.J.W.; Van Liere, R.This paper was inspired by the Components/ Frameworks approach to a Reference Model for computer graphics, currently under discussion in the ISO computer graphics subject committee. The paper shows how a formal description of the GKS input model may be given in Hoare’s CSP notation and explores some extensions in which some of the components in the GKS model are replaced by more interesting ones. The paper thus demonstrates some of the power and flexibility inherent in the Component/ Frameworks idea. The use of a formal notation led to a deepening of the authors’ understanding of the input model and suggested some different ways of looking at the input model.Item A Formal Specification of a Graphics System in the Framework of the Computer Graphics Reference Model(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1993) Duce, D. A.; Paterno, F.This paper is motivated by the emerging ISO/IEC Reference Model for Computer Graphics (CGRM) and the revision of the ISO/IEC computer graphics standard, the Graphical Kernel System (GKS). The paper explores the use of the CGRM as a framework for structuring a specification of apart of the current draft of the revised GKS and the use of the LOTOS formal description technique for specifying graphics systems.Item skML a Markup Language for Distributed Collaborative Visualization(The Eurographics Association, 2005) Duce, D. A.; Sagar, M.; Louise M. Lever and Mary McDerbyThis paper describes a reference model and a markup language for representing processing and dataflow in distributed collaborative visualization applications. The language, skML, enables processing to be represented at each of the three layers: conceptual, logical and physical defined in the reference model. skML is an XML application. A particular feature of the approach is the use of RDF to associate annotations with skML elements, for example to describe resource constraints. An interactive editor for skML and prototype tools to use skML with IRIS Explorer and OpenDX are described. Extension to other visualization systems such as AVS and VTK is discussed. The paper concludes by comparing skML to other languages and environments for scientific workflow.Item Reference Models for Distributed Cooperative Visualization(Blackwell Publishers Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1998) Duce, D. A.; Giorgetti, D.; Cooper, C. S.; Gallop, J. R.; Johnson, I. J.; Robinson, K.; Seelig, C. D.In this paper reference models for visualization systems that have appeared in the literature are surveyed and a new reference model for distributed cooperative visualization developed in the MANICORAL project (funded by the EU Telematics Programme) is described. The relationship of earlier models to the new model is discussed. A number of cooperative visualization systems that have been reported in the literature are compared in the framework of the MANICORAL model.