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Item The Use of Finite Element Theory for Simulating Object and Human Body Deformations and Contacts(Eurographics Association, 1989) Gourret, Jean-Paul; Magnenat-Thalmann, Nadia; Thalmann, DanielThis paper presents a method for combining image synthesis and modeling based on a finite element method (FEM) to get realistic intelligent images. FEM is used for modeling both elastically and plastically deformations of objects, and impacts with or without penetration between deformable objects. The concept of deformable objects is applied to human flesh to improve the behavior of synthetic human grasping and walking. The paper also discusses the introduction of this method in an animation system based on the concept of "intelligent" synthetic actors with automatic motion control performed using A.I. and robotics techniques. In particular, motion is planned at a task level and computed using physical laws.Item Motion Control in Animation, Simulation and Visualization*(Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1989) Hegror, Gerard; Palamidese, Patrizia; Thalmann, DanielThis paper discusses the role and the evolution of animation, simulation and scientific visualization and their relationships. Two trends are described: (1) the physical laws are well-known and their use improves the animation- (2) the physical laws are not really well-known and the animation techniques contribute to understanding them. We distinguish descriptive models used to reproduce an effect without knowledge about its cause and generative models describing the cause which produces the effects. Cooperation between descriptive and generative models is also discussed as well as man-machine interface constraints. Finally, the evolution of animation towards automatic motion control, goal-oriented motion, task modeling and behavioural animation is emphasized.Item The Problematics of Human Prototyping and Animation(Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1989) Magnenat-Thalmann, Nadia; Thalmann, DanielSeveral ideas and experiments are presented for the creation and realistic animation of three-dimensional scenes involving human beings conscious of their environment. The various approaches should allow the intelligent creation of human beings using prototypes and generate their animation based on mechanics, artificial intelligence and robotics. This paper discusses the problems involved in three major steps of the simulation of human beings: the creation of the human shapes, the motion of the human skeleton, and the deformation of the surfaces. Several examples are presented illustrating positional constraints, dynamics, behavioural animation and finite element theory.