%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{table*}[t]
\small
\centering
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{2pt}%\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.1}
\rowcolors{2}{tbloddrowcolor}{tblevnrowcolor}
\begin{tabular}{|p{3.0cm} p{4.8cm} p{4.8cm} p{4.5cm}|}
\hline
\rowcolor{tblheadcolor}
\textbf{Domain} & \textbf{Typical Tasks} & \textbf{Pipeline pieces to enable} & \textbf{Key KPIs / Constraints} \\
\hline
AEC/BIM \& Facility Mgmt
& As-built documentation; floorplan bootstrapping; deviation/issue views; lighting “what-if”
& Depth/normals (\autoref{sec:geostruct:depth}); layout \& portals/graphs (\autoref{sec:geostruct:layout}, \autoref{sec:interactive:viewsynth:multiroom}); short-baseline NVS (\autoref{sec:interactive:viewsynth}); inverse rendering for relighting/staging (\autoref{sec:interactive:editing})
& Layout IoU/corner error; door/portal F1; room area/offset/length/elevation errors; time-to-answer; photometric plausibility \\
Real estate / Interior / Retail
& Defurnishing (emptying); virtual staging; style harmonization; guided tours (web/HMD)
& Diminished reality; staging + relighting (inverse rendering); panorama-aware style transfer (\autoref{sec:interactive:editing}); short-baseline NVS for parallax
& Engagement/session length; preference scores; shadow/contact realism; decision latency; web load time \\
Cultural heritage \& Museums
& Restricted-space tours; thematic overlays; alternative epochs/looks; gap-filling when capture is limited
& Layout/semantic priors (\autoref{sec:geostruct:layout}); controlled NVS (\autoref{sec:interactive:viewsynth}); style transfer; text-to-360 for missing areas)
& Curatorial ratings; visitor comprehension; provenance tracking; policy constraints (no tripod/flash; limited dwell) \\
Construction education, safety training \& upskilling
& Multiuser panoramic site visits; hazard drills; instrument callouts; scenario variation (day/night)
& Semantics for callouts (\autoref{sec:geostruct:depth}); NVS in HMD (\autoref{sec:interactive:viewsynth}); room graphs for procedure flow (\autoref{sec:interactive:viewsynth:multiroom}); diffusion-guided relighting (\autoref{sec:interactive:editing})
& Task time/accuracy; presence/immersion; SSQ; pre/post learning gains \\
Progress monitoring, quality control \& robotics
& Waypoint capture (human/robot); coverage and change detection; BIM-aware patrols; coarse point clouds
& Depth/layout for coverage/change; semantics for route planning; portals/graphs for pathing; short-baseline NVS for line-of-sight; normalization via inverse-rendering relighting
& Capture time/cost; detection precision/recall; inter-rater agreement; robot path success; repeatability \\
Collaboration, remote walkthroughs \& RFIs
& Remote inspections; RFIs with anchored views; design reviews; “as-designed” vs “as-built” alternates
& Context-aware annotations snapped to planes/assets (semantics + layout); guided tours via room graphs; on-the-fly emptying/staging (\autoref{sec:interactive:editing})
& RFI turnaround; comment resolution rate; reviewer agreement; navigation clarity; bandwidth/latency \\
Content creation \& datasets
& Domain randomization; supervised views from one shot; synthetic scenes for training
& Text-to-360 generation; staging/transfer (\autoref{sec:interactive:editing}); short-baseline NVS for multi-view supervision
& Downstream model gains; domain gap; diversity/coverage; licensing \& provenance \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{\textbf{Application matrix according to the current usage of panoramic imagery}: what users do, which single-panorama pipeline components enable it, and how success can be measured.}
\label{tab:apps_matrix}
\end{table*}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\section{Applications} 
\label{sec:applications}

Panorama-first workflows turn a single capture per room into structured, explorable, and editable indoor scenes with minimal user effort. Building on pixel-wise geometry and semantics (\autoref{sec:geostruct:depth}), room layout recovery (\autoref{sec:geostruct:layout}), multi-room connectivity (\autoref{sec:geostruct:layout}), interactive view synthesis (\autoref{sec:interactive:viewsynth}), and editing/generation tools (\autoref{sec:interactive:editing}), we outline where these components already see practical use. 
A common characteristic of these applications is the need for \emph{plausible}, rather than \emph{accurate/measurable}, models, where ease of capture, exploration, and modification of approximate models is at a premium. For a broader discussion of potential applications of immersive panoramic content, not limited to single-image pipelines, we refer the reader to the recent survey from  Tukur et al.~\cite{Tukur:2025:PII}.

\paragraph*{AEC/BIM, facility management, and digital delivery}
While measurable models are typically acquired with active measurement devices, on active projects, sparse panoramic capture is routinely used for as-built documentation and progress reports, often aligned with BIM models for issue tracking and deviation visualization~\cite{shinde:2023:systematic}. Single-image 360$^\circ$ layout reconstruction has found applications in construction management, ranging from automatic progress assessment of interior sites~\cite{Fang:2023:FEM} to detecting functional elements such as lights and outlets~\cite{Pintore:2018:R3E}.

\paragraph*{Construction education, safety training, and workforce upskilling}
In classrooms and training centers, 360$^\circ$ imagery has become a practical substitute for costly synthetic VR scenes: it is fast to capture, easy to deploy on browsers or commodity HMDs, and preserves job-site realism \cite{kim:2019:comparing,eiris:2020:desktop}. Multiuser panoramic visits support collaborative problem solving with shared pointers and voice \cite{eiris:2022:ivisit}, while recent case studies show that immersive storytelling in 360$^\circ$ increases engagement for safety training \cite{isingizwe:2024:enhancing}. 

\paragraph*{Cultural heritage, museums, and public dissemination}
Heritage institutions adopt web-based thematic tours built on 360$^\circ$ imagery to balance accessibility, curatorial storytelling, and management needs, often interlinking panoramas with maps, metadata, and archival documents \cite{de:2022:dissemination}. For fragile or conflict-affected sites, interactive 360$^\circ$ media has been used to document and communicate cultural value with minimal on-site footprint \cite{dieb2024interactive}. 

\paragraph*{Progress monitoring, quality control, and robotics}
Routine progress capture often follows predefined waypoints with panoramic imagery. Comparative pilots show that panoramic photogrammetry provides a favorable time–cost trade-off for coarse point clouds, while laser scanning remains the choice for tight tolerances \cite{subramanian:2019:using}. However, single-panorama analysis is emerging as a viable medium to support object detection and tracking, segmentation, change understanding, and change reversal~\cite{Khan:2025:PSD}.

\paragraph*{Collaboration, remote walkthroughs, and telepresence}
Teams rely on multiuser 360$^\circ$ walkthroughs to conduct remote inspections, Requests for Information (RFIs), and design reviews without dense 3D models. Empirical work reports a higher presence and attention relative to 2D baselines and, in some cases, comparable learning outcomes to synthetic VR \cite{kim:2019:comparing,eiris:2020:desktop,eiris:2022:ivisit}. The reconstruction signals surveyed here make these sessions more actionable: annotations can snap to planes or assets via semantics and layout; room graphs constrain guided tours to safe, comprehensible paths; and on-the-fly staging or emptying can present “as-designed” versus “as-built” alternatives without another site visit.

\paragraph*{Real estate, interior design, and retail}
Virtual tours built from 360$^\circ$ panoramas are now mainstream for property marketing and in-store/showroom experiences. Beyond basic retouching, practitioners increasingly combine defurnishing, virtual staging, and style harmonization to accelerate client decisions. The editing stack surveyed in \autoref{sec:interactive:editing} -- diminished reality to declutter (e.g., \cite{Pintore:2022:IAE}), inverse-rendered insertion for contacts and shadows~\cite{Zhi:2022:SSAD,Li:2022:PPI,Shah:2025:VISPI}, and panorama-aware style transfer~\cite{Tukur:2023:PSG,Ye:2025:PAST,wang:2025:PIST} -- supports rapid, low-touch iterations that read well on the web and in HMDs.

\paragraph*{Generative 360$^\circ$ and hybrid capture}
Text- or image-conditioned 360$^\circ$ generation~\cite{Zhou:2024:DS360,Xia:2025:PLD,Yang:2025:LayerPano3D} and diffusion-guided relighting/editing (\autoref{sec:interactive:editing}) are beginning to complement capture. In practice, teams adopt hybrid flows: generate an empty, layout-conforming shell to explore options, then conform the chosen look to a real panorama; or propose lighting and material variants via diffusion models before committing to staged assets. The reconstruction signals from earlier sections act as constraints, keeping the generative steps structurally coherent and editable.

\paragraph*{Operational considerations and evaluation}
Across domains, privacy and safety require default blurring of faces/PII and careful handling of mirrors and glass. Web delivery benefits from progressive, ERP-aware streaming that balances resolution and bandwidth. For AEC and monitoring, useful structural metrics include layout IoU, corner error, door/portal F1, and room-wise area/offset/length/elevation errors reported in recent panoramic-SLAM studies \cite{Wang:2025:building}; for education and telepresence, presence/immersion, pre/post learning gains, and scenario completion times are standard \cite{kim:2019:comparing,eiris:2020:desktop,eiris:2022:ivisit,isingizwe:2024:enhancing}; for staging and retail, practitioner studies emphasize contact/shadow realism, preference tests, and decision latency.






